Most memorable is probably the onset of Russian winter just when the Wehmacht reached the gates of Moscow. What about Halsey's 3rd fleet and the two typhoons. I am sure there are other significant battles that were affected by weather.
The entire campaign of the North Pacific weather cost more equipment, supplies, and casualties than actual combat.
The Ardennes Offensive was made possible by forecasts of two weeks of fog and snow. Without it the German reserves would have been minced on the first day by the Allied air force. When the weather cleared up on December 23rd, the Germans were severely screwed, as predicted...
In the chapter on attacks by fire (XII), it is noted that the best time to do this is in scorching hot weather and with rising winds. That's about it. Of course, Sun Tzu takes it for granted that you must await favourable weather before going on a campaign, and that you should avoid terrain that is characterized by unusually harsh weather.
What about the spring rain and thaw which bogged down the Allies attack in Souther Italy. That led to the unsuccessful landing in Anzio, as well as the costly fight for Monte Casion. What was the name of the German defensive line? It wasn't the siegfried or the Hindenburg
In the Pacific, a massive typhoon hit the US Third Fleet in December of 1944. Three destroyers were sunk with all hands or close to it, and many other ships suffered severe damage. Gerald Ford, who would later be President of the United States, was almost washed overboard from his ship during this terrible storm.
Yep, Admiral Halsey was tricked by the Japanese to chase the decoy ships to the East, with near disastrous results. The US marines who were landing on the phillipines beaches were left unprotected and were at the mercy of a powerful Japanese battlefleet emerging from the West. Only the ferocious fights put up by the baby escort carriers managed to scared off the Japanese armada. To make matters worse, Halsey's fleet was soon hit by a second typhoon. Nimitz nearly fire him.
But it was the bad weather that convinced so many high ranking German officers that the invasion could not be undertaken at that time. A very fortunate break for the Allies, as it enabled them to take the Wehrmacht by surprise, at least on the tactical level.